نقش سن و جنسیت در ادراک حسی و تجربه زیسته کاربرانِ میدان‌های بهارستان و امام خمینی (ره) تهران

Introduction: Perception of space in historical urban squares is a complex process that goes beyond visual observation or analysis of the physical forms. It emerges through embodied interactions of the body, memory, and senses with the environment. In District 12 of Tehran, historical squares offer distinct opportunities to examine such perceptual experiences. These spaces are not only remnants of the past but also active sites of sociopolitical events and collective memory. Among environmental stimuli, water holds a central role in enhancing spatial perception through its multisensory qualities. The sound, touch, scent, and visual presence of water stimulate memory, foster emotional attachment, and enrich spatial experience. However, contemporary urban design often overlooks non-visual senses and memory-inducing elements like water, leading to emotionally sterile public spaces.
 
The Purpose of the Research: This study examines the role of sensory perception and memory-triggering components—particularly the presence and form of water—in shaping users’ lived experiences of historical urban squares. Focusing on Baharestan and Imam Khomeini Squares, both significant for their historical and governmental functions, the research explores how water activates the senses and contributes to memory formation. Key questions include: How does water shape users’ experiences? What sensory factors influence perception? How do age and gender affect spatial interpretation? The study also investigates how water fosters emotional engagement and sustained presence, reinforcing collective memory and place identity.
 
Methodology: The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology and employs a structured questionnaire as its main data collection tool. Rooted in theories of environmental perception and spatial phenomenology, the questionnaire addresses four key themes: users’ expectations from the square, priorities in landscape and environmental design, sensory dimensions of memory, and the experiential role of water. Data were collected from 59 participants who frequented Baharestan and Imam Khomeini squares at various times of day. A mixed sampling strategy combining purposive and random techniques ensured a diverse participant pool across gender and age categories. The collected data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis, with particular attention to identifying perceptual differences among demographic subgroups and interpreting how various sensory components influenced spatial experience.
 
Findings and Discussion: The results demonstrate that sensory richness and memory-evoking features significantly enhance the quality of users’ spatial experiences. Water, among natural elements, emerged as the most influential factor in triggering emotional and sensory responses. Participants consistently reported positive associations with the presence of water, citing features such as the sound of flowing water, reflections on the surface, moist atmospheres, and surrounding greenery as contributors to a multisensory and immersive experience. These elements fostered an atmosphere that encouraged both immediate satisfaction and long-term memory formation, leading to repeated visits, stronger emotional ties, and a deeper sense of belonging. The findings also reveal notable differences in perceptual responses based on gender and age. Women tended to value sensory aspects related to touch and smell and were more sensitive to safety, spatial definition, and social comfort. In contrast, men showed a greater inclination toward auditory and visual dynamics. Aging appeared to shift preferences from active to contemplative engagement, emphasizing the need for spaces that accommodate diverse perceptual expectations. Additionally, the study found that the type and condition of water features influenced experiential quality. Flowing water channels offered the most profound sensory engagement due to their sound, atmosphere, and movement. However, the maintenance and cleanliness of these features were crucial in sustaining their positive impact.
 
Conclusion: This research highlights the fundamental role of multisensory perception—especially that induced by water—in shaping the lived experience of historical urban squares. It demonstrates that such spaces gain their vitality not solely from their visual or formal characteristics, but from their capacity to engage the full spectrum of human senses and to embed experiences into memory. In doing so, they foster place identity, emotional attachment, and social participation. The study argues for a more holistic approach to urban design that prioritizes the sensory dimension of space and acknowledges the differential needs of diverse user groups. Particularly in historic contexts, integrating natural and memory-stimulating elements such as water can transform a square from a passive physical setting into a dynamic environment imbued with personal and collective meaning. These findings offer important insights for planners, designers, and policymakers seeking to create more inclusive, memorable, and engaging public spaces.